Samsung releases Gen5 SSD: Performance uation and application advantages of two PM1743 and PM9D3a models
With the rapid development of big data, cloud computing, and 5G technology, the demand for data computing and efficient storage is constantly increasing. As a leading global supplier of storage device technology, Samsung has officially released the PM9D3a solid-state drive. As a cutting-edge PCIe Gen5.0 NVMe SSD, the PM9D3a provides unparalleled performance and energy efficiency for enterprise servers and multi-core processing data systems. With Samsung's eighth generation 3D V-NAND technology, the PM9D3a can achieve sequential read and write speeds of 12000MB/s and 6800MB/s, respectively. Its capacity of up to 15.36TB and diverse specification options ensure that it can meet the storage needs of various data centers. The new generation PM9D3a not only improves performance, but also helps data centers reduce operating costs and effectively address environmental challenges through improved heat dissipation and power efficiency design. This SSD is an ideal choice for adapting to AI, machine learning, and large-scale data processing, ushering in a new era of data storage.
A Comprehensive Interpretation of RAID Cards: From Basic Knowledge to Brand Selection
This article provides a detailed introduction to the relevant knowledge of server RAID cards, including the basic concepts, main brands, product roadmap, specific model explanations, as well as the interconnection between RAID cards, servers, and hard drives, to help you better understand and apply RAID technology.
This article will detail how to use the nvme-cli tool to upgrade NVMe solid-state drive (SSD) firmware in a Linux environment. The tutorial covers preparation, key commands, and steps for checking and restarting after the upgrade, aiming to help users successfully complete the firmware upgrade.
Before starting the upgrade, ensure the following conditions are met:
1. Operating System: Linux OS
2. The nvme-cli tool must be installed, with version v2.10 or above supporting firmware updates
Commands to install nvme-cli on different Linux distributions:
Ubuntu/Debian:
sudo apt-get install nvme-cliCentOS/RHEL:
sudo yum install nvme-cliFedora:
sudo dnf install nvme-cliArch Linux:
sudo pacman -S nvme-cliIf the current version of nvme-cli does not support firmware updates, you can manually download the latest version:
1. Disk Connection and Recognition
First, ensure the NVMe device is correctly connected to the system and recognized with the following command:
nvme listThe output should list the connected NVMe devices, confirming the device name Node (e.g., /dev/nvme0n1).
2. Upload Firmware File
Download and upload the firmware file to the Linux system. It is recommended to place it in the /root directory for easy access.
1. Download Firmware
Use the nvme-cli fw-download command to download the firmware to the specified slot on the NVMe device. Replace
<device> and <firmware file path> with the actual path to the firmware file:
# nvme fw-download -f nvme fw-download /dev/nvme0n1 -f /root/firmware.bin2. Execute Upgrade Operation
Use the fw-commit command to perform the firmware upgrade. Choose the activation method according to the environment:
# nvme fw-commit /dev/nvme0 -s -a 1 nvme fw-commit /dev/nvme0 -s 2 -a 3This command writes the firmware to the specified slot and activates the update.
-A Explanation: The parameter specifies the firmware activation method. The options are as follows:
-a 1 Activate immediately (no reboot required). The firmware update will be applied and activated immediately without needing to reboot the device. This method is suitable for updates that need to take effect quickly.
-a 2 Manual reset required. The firmware update will take effect after a manual reset. This is suitable for scenarios where manual intervention is needed to ensure the update is successful.
-a 3 Activate after reboot. The firmware update will take effect after a device reboot. This method is typically used when a stable system reboot is required to ensure the update is applied successfully.
-S Explanation: The parameter specifies the firmware slot to be used. According to standard definitions, SSDs support up to 7 firmware slots, each with different purposes and permissions.
-s 1 Reserved for factory firmware, which is read-only and cannot be written to. It stores the firmware version pre-installed by the SSD manufacturer.
-s 2~3 These slots can be used to download new firmware versions. Typically, new firmware is downloaded to these slots during upgrades.
-s 4~7 Enterprise SSDs support up to 7 firmware slots, often used for storing and updating firmware, but specific usage may depend on the SSD manufacturer and product type.
3. Perform SSD Reset or Power Cycle Operation.
nvme reset /dev/nvme* (reset to make firmware effective; if -a 3 was used in step 2, reset is not needed)*** Based on practical application tests, if the reset command does not make the firmware effective, you can perform a reboot to make the firmware effective in Linux OS.
1. Check Device Status
After the upgrade, use the nvme list command to check the device status and ensure the firmware upgrade was successful.
2. View Firmware History
nvme fw-log /dev/nvme0n1
*** The fw-log command can query firmware upgrade history (slot)
By following these steps, you can successfully use the nvme-cli tool to upgrade the NVMe SSD firmware in a Linux environment. Before upgrading, be sure to back up important data and carefully check all parameters to ensure a smooth upgrade process.
